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Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Associação da condutibilidade elétrica do leite à cultura microbiológica na fazenda no ato da secagem de vacas Jersey em sistema de Compost Barn e ordenha
(Universidade Estadual do Norte do Paraná, 2021-03-31) Silva, Jessica Quirino da; Silva, Marcelo Alves da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3283906522734749; Silva, Marcelo Alves da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3283906522734749; Zacarias, Francielle Gibson da Silva; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1862-675X; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1740021520322135; Filho, Ivan Roque de Barros; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0056-9358; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3978670586325267; Porto, Petrônio Pinheiro; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2999-7612; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1751366795715746; Alberton, Luiz Romulo; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5912-0467; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3800644716976971
The expansion of agricultural crops and pasture areas was responsible for most of the deforestation in the municipality of Bandeirantes, Paraná. In this study, landscape fragmentation and its temporal evolution were evaluated by applying landscape ecology metrics in the period corresponding to the 1970s and 2012 (42 years), comparing the results of the metrics regarding their ability to demonstrate causes and consequences of forest fragmentation. The study area is located in the municipality of Bandeirantes-PR, situated between the coordinates 50°25'44" to 50°16'43" W and 23°14'05" to 23°05'59" S. Assessments of deforestation and degree of fragmentation were carried out using remote sensing data and landscape analysis. The results revealed that there was a reduction in the number of fragments between the periods: in 1970, 634 fragments, and in 2012, 312 fragments, which corresponds to 322 fragments less, and in percentage this is equivalent to 49% of the examined area. The study area has been undergoing landscape transformations since 1970, and the degree of fragmentation of native vegetation areas was replaced by temporary and permanent crops and pasture. Thus, the results of this study indicate that deforestation affected almost half of the natural vegetation until 2012, aggravating the integrity of native vegetation fragments in the study area.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Atividade larvicida e caracterização fitoquímica do extrato hidroetanólico de Ruta graveolens L. contra Aedes aegypti
(Universidade Estadual do Norte do Paraná, 2026) Costa, Poliana Caruline Rosa da; Peixoto, Erika Cosendey de Mello; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9608-4282; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0963818563395019; Rodrigues, Diego Resende; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9495-8943; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9381400899886153; Rodrigues, Diego Resende; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9495-8943; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9381400899886153; Bovolenta, Yves Rafael; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9684-1848; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4601902582773437; Silva, José Renato da; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8289-7768; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8034221689854743
The increase in diseases transmitted by mosquito vectors and the resistance associated with the continuous use of synthetic insecticides highlight the need for effective and environmentally safe alternatives. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the larvicidal activity of the hydroethanolic extract of Ruta graveolens L. against Aedes aegypti larvae, as well as to chemically characterize the extract. The extract was obtained by maceration in a 70% hydroethanolic solution, followed by concentration and lyophilization. A. aegypti eggs were collected using ovitraps in the municipality of Bandeirantes, Paraná, Brazil, and the larvae were reared to the L3 and L4 stages. Larvicidal bioassays were performed in quadruplicate, with 40 larvae per treatment, using concentrations of 0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg/mL, along with positive and negative controls. After 48 hours of exposure, mortality rates of 65% were observed at concentrations of 0.25 and 0.5 mg/mL, whereas the concentration of 1 mg/mL resulted in 100% mortality, a result equivalent to the commercial larvicide used as positive control. Phytochemical analysis revealed high levels of total phenolics (58.76 ± 1.70 mg GAE/g) and total flavonoids (41.55 ± 1.30 mg QE/g). LC-MS/MS analysis confirmed the presence of rutin in the extract, while quercetin was not detected. These results demonstrate the strong larvicidal potential of the hydroethanolic extract of R. graveolens, particularly at the concentration of 1 mg/mL, indicating its viability as an alternative for A. aegypti control and supporting further studies to determine lethal doses and assess toxicological safety.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Atividade nematicida de extratos de Brugmansia suaveolens sobre Meloidogyne incognita
(Universidade Estadual do Norte do Paraná, 2026) Venâncio, Stéphany de Campos; Alves, Viviane Sandra; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2381-8115; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3794580975938452; Alves, Viviane Sandra; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2381-8115; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3794580975938452; Poletto, Rodrigo de Souza; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7034-7865; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8774064317309922; Silva, Santino Aleandro da; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1019-1926; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8341476195396585
Meloidogyne incognita stands out as one of the most aggressive and widely distributed species in tropical regions, causing severe damage to plant root systems. The need for alternatives to synthetic nematicides drives research into plant-based compounds with biological potential and lower environmental impact. In this context, the present study aimed to evaluate the nematicidal activity of aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts from leaves and flowers of Brugmansia suaveolens (Solanaceae) on second-stage juveniles (J2) of M. incognita. The experiments were conducted under controlled laboratory conditions, using J2 obtained from infected tomato roots, processed with sodium hypochlorite solution and filtered through 250 and 500 mesh sieves. The suspensions containing J2 were exposed to two types of extracts (aqueous and hydroalcoholic) at different concentrations, and a negative control was performed with distilled water. The mortality of the juveniles was evaluated after 24 hours of exposure, and the data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance and Tukey's test (p<0.05). The aqueous extracts caused higher mortality of M. incognita J2, with the flower extract causing up to 98% mortality in all concentrations evaluated and showing no significant difference. The aqueous leaf extract, on the other hand, showed dose-dependent mortality, with values varying according to the dose tested. For the hydroalcoholic extracts, mortality was observed in the extracts obtained from flowers and leaves, with values ranging from 46 to 59% mortality. Analysis by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for the detection and identification of volatile chemical constituents present in B. suaveolens extracts confirmed significant differences between the extracts, both in terms of the extraction method and the part of the plant used.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Avaliação da potabilidade de água bruta no município de Bandeirantes-PR
(Universidade Estadual do Norte do Paraná, 2019-02-28) Zamboni, Silvia Aparecida Schmith; Porto, Petrônio Pinheiro; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2999-7612; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1751366795715746; Cruz, Mariza Fordelone Rosa da; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7910-8820; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5308615937693528; Nicolosi, Mateus Marrafon; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5740779198324583; Lima, Cristina Batista de; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6076-4286; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3072842301542197; Alves, Karina Aline; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8916-0224; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6915234182529881
Even if our planet is filled with water, the potable portion is very small in comparison to all existing water, besides an irregular distribution among the population, and suffering more and more degradation by man, due to industrialization, agriculture, for example. Several parameters are analyzed for this to be accomplished, and based on this, this work analyzed the physical, chemical and microbiological parameters of the treatment plant (ETA) of the municipality of Bandeirantes – PR at its six catchment points (Rio das Cinzas – RC, four points of the Guarani Aquifer – AG1, AG2, AG3 and AG4 and Poço Artesiano Sertãozinho – PAS), comparing the seasons of the year in three consecutive years. pH, turbidity, organic matter, color, heterotrophic bacteria, total and fecal coliforms were evaluated. The results demonstrated, for example, that the RC point presented pH close to neutrality, while in the PAS point it had a range of 6.9 to 8.0 and in the aquifers values with higher pH between 8.0 and 9.6, that is, also higher in comparison to the RC point. Alkalinity was higher in the aquifers with intervals of 75–163 mg/L CaCO₃ between them, and PAS ranged from 109–130 mg/L CaCO₃ compared to RC, which had values of 46–55 mg/L CaCO₃, which is related to the higher pH and the high alkalinity of the aquifers. In the same way, dissolved oxygen with values at the RC point obtained higher values ranging from 5.45–16.2 mg/L, while in aquifers AG1, AG2, AG3 and AG4 obtained smaller values with intervals between 0.56–8.50 mg/L, and PAS ranged from 4.39–14.9 mg/L, due to the depth and high temperatures of these sites. In addition, data from the analysis of pesticides in water proved to be satisfactory under the legislation. It is concluded with this study that the RC point needs a more complex treatment for its use destined to the consumption of the population of the municipality in question.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Avaliação de resíduo de sulfato de gentamicina no leite de vacas com mastite subclínica tratadas por via intramamária
(Universidade Estadual do Norte do Paraná, 2018-03-20) Soares, Gabriel Lourenzo Rezende; Lima, Cristina Batista de; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6076-4286; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3072842301542197; Silva, Marcelo Alves da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3283906522734749; Porto, Petrônio Pinheiro; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2999-7612; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1751366795715746; Campos, Anna Carolina Leonoelli Pires de; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0222-5732
The objectives of this study were to investigate the presence of gentamicin residue in milk of treated and adjacent mammary quarters not treated with gentamicin; verify the influence of subclinical mastitis treatment, during the lactation, on somatic cell count, fat, total protein and lactose. Five cows with somatic cell count less than 200,000 and negative in CMT (group 01, n = 5) and ten cows with somatic cell count above 200,000 and positive in CMT (group 02: one mammary quarter score 1 on CMT, n = 5 and group 03: leastwise one mammary quarter score 2 or 3 on CMT, n = 5) were treated with two intramammary infusions of 150 mg of gentamicin sulphate with a 24 hour interval between applications. The treatment was made in the anterior right mammary quarter of the animals of group 01 and in the positive mammary quarter in CMT of the animals of groups 02 and 03. Milk samples were analyzed from the animals at 0, 36, 72, 120 and 144 hours of milk of treated quarters and 0, 12, 36, 72 and 120 hours in not treated quarters after the first infusion. Milk samples were analyzed from the animals of groups 01, 02 and 03 of the milk of treated mammary quarters and the pool of untreated quarters and performed analysis of CCS and milk solids at time 0 and 15 days after treatment. A microbiological inhibition test was performed to detect gentamicin residue with a minimum sensitivity of 50 μg/L, below the maximum allowable residue limit of 200 μg/L (Delvotest® SP NT). There was no significant difference for CCS and milk solids means between samples of time 0 and 15 days after treatment in groups 01, 02 and 03 (P ≤ 0.05, in T-test for paired samples). The gentamicin residue had a decreasing frequency of positive samples in group 01 and at the end of the analyzes, at time 144 (24 hours after the end of withdrawal period) after the first infusion, presented 40% of positive samples in milk of treated mammary quarters. In milk of untreated mammary quarters all samples were negative at all times. In group 02, for milk of treated mammary quarters, there was 80% of positive samples at time 144. In milk of untreated mammary quarters all samples were negative at all times collected. In group 03, 80% of milk of treated mammary quarters samples were positive at time 144 and in milk of untreated mammary quarters, all samples were negative, however, 60% of the samples had residue close to the detection limit in time 36. Milk from untreated mammary quarters adjacent to subclinical mammary quarter treated with gentamicin sulfate does not present residue above the maximum residue limit allowed by legislation and is considered safe for human consumption. Milk from gentamicin treated mammary quarters remained positive to Delvotest® at 40%, 80% and 80% in groups 01, 02 and 03 after the end of the withdrawal period established by the manufacturer.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Avaliação do extrato hidroalcoólico de Punica granatum Linn. sobre bactérias de interesse à mastite bovina
(Universidade Estadual do Norte do Paraná, 2014-08-07) Moreira, Giovanna Melatti Bermal; Matsumoto, Leopoldo Sussumu; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5102-545X; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0857955043436449; Peixoto, Erika Cosendey Toledo de Mello; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9608-4282; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0963818563395019; Peixoto, Erika Cosendey Toledo de Mello; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9608-4282; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0963818563395019; Silva, Luciana Pereira; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0914-2094; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8207280726883591; Silva, Regildo Márcio Gonçalves da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5285324361162578; Patelli, Thais Helena Constantino; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2981-6471; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6738089449088570; Silva, Marcelo Alves da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3283906522734749
Bovine mastitis is characterized by inflammation of the mammary gland, usually due to bacterial infection, compromising quantity and quality of milk production. This study aimed to determine the antibacterial activity in vitro of the hydroalcoholic extract of the bark of the pomegranate fruit on standard strains of interest the bovine mastitis. The colonies were resuspended and adjusted at a concentration of 107 ml-1 UV-visible spectrophotometry. The extracts were evaluated in five replications in seven concentrations: 1000 mg mL-1to 25 mg mL-1. Were used strains of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Staphylococcus saprophyticus ATCC 15305, Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228, Escherichia coli ATCC 11229, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Salmonella enterica subsp. serovar Typhi ATCC 19214, Enterobacter cloacae ATCC 23355 and Bacillus cereus ATCC 33018. Sensitivity of the strains were determined using the minimum inhibitory concentration and disk diffusion test and the results showed that the inhibition zones corresponding to values from 15 mm were considered sensitive. For phytochemical evaluation was determined levels of antioxidant activity, total phenols and flavonoids. Thus, the extract was diluted in seven concentrations: 25 the 1000 mg L-1, and evaluated in triplicate. Bacterial growth was inhibited at concentrations of 100 mg mL-1 and the antioxidant activity was observed from 50 mg mL-1, with values corresponding to 4,62% to 64,90% plateau at a concentration of 500 mg mL-1. In the evaluation of radical scavenging activity, using the free radical DPPH, the extract demonstrated antioxidant activity (IC50% = 378,80 μg L-1). However, it has not been possible to correlate the levels of antioxidant activity at levels of phenols and flavonoids. Perhaps the presence of other substances alkaloids and tannins present in the extracts may have been responsible for the antioxidant activity found. The extract was able to inhibit the growth at concentrations of 500 and 1000 mg mL-1 except Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Salmonella enterica subsp. serovar Typhi ATCC 19214, all strains had the same results in both the disk diffusion test as in CIM. That way the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of EHPG 10% may represent important therapeutic potential, particularly for animal health in organic and agroecological production systems, where the use of chemical antibiotics is vetoed. It is concluded that the hydroalcoholic extract of Punica granatum Linn. has antimicrobial activity, demonstrating potential benefit for the control of bovine mastitis.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Deriva em função de misturas de herbicidas e de pontas de pulverização
(Universidade Estadual do Norte do Paraná, 2017-03-29) Feliciano, Arcanjo Miguel Fama; Oliveira, Rone Batista de; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3071-4827; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2379804514613050; Oliveira, Rone Batista de; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3071-4827; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2379804514613050; Osipe, Jethro Barros; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9692340257207288; Ferreira, Marcelo da Costa; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0159-7422; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3661533094675596; Tashima, Hatiro; https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8757-4600; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0514640010249563; Rodrigues, Euripedes Bomfim; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6531-878X; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9720688699522760
Mixing herbicides in the spray tank is a common practice among farmers to broaden the spectrum of activity and improve the management of herbicide-resistant weeds. However, information remains scarce regarding the potential spray-drift risks associated with this practice. This study aimed to evaluate spray drift as affected by herbicide mixtures and spray-nozzle type. Drift was measured in a wind tunnel, sampled at horizontal distances of 5, 10, and 15 m from the nozzle and at heights of 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9, and 1.1 m above the tunnel floor. The tested mixtures were glyphosate + 2,4-D; glyphosate + 2,4-D + saflufenacil + adjuvant; glyphosate + chlorimuron; and glyphosate + carfentrazone, applied using two nozzle types: pre-orifice flat-fan (ADI 11002, at 227 kPa) and air-induction flat-fan (AVI 110015, at 310 kPa). Results indicate that drift depends on both herbicide composition and nozzle model. The glyphosate + chlorimuron mixture produced the highest drift at the 10 and 15 m sampling distances when applied through the AVI 110015 nozzle (310 kPa). In contrast, the glyphosate + carfentrazone mixture consistently showed the lowest drift across all sampling distances, regardless of nozzle (AVI 110015 at 310 kPa or ADI 11002 at 227 kPa). It is concluded that spray drift is governed by the interaction between herbicide mixture and nozzle selection.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Efeito da xilanase isolada ou associada à levedura na dieta de leitões a base de sorgo sobre o desempenho e a microbiota intestinal
(Universidade Estadual do Norte do Paraná, 2018-09-20) Oliveira, Hilário Ranulfo Vilela; Silva, Marcos Augusto Alves da; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5570-8677; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4973981237909142; Silva, Marcos Augusto Alves da; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5570-8677; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4973981237909142; Silva, Caio Abércio da; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9123-0343; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8966841350918859; Silva, Marcelo Alves da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3283906522734749
The objective of the present study was to determine if the supplementation of Xilanase, combined or not with live yeasts, in sorghum-based diets would influence the performance and intestinal bacterial populations of piglets. One hundred and eighty hybrid piglets from commercial lines with 23 days of age and initial mean weight of 6.83 ± 1.49 kg were distributed in three treatments: Control diet, Treatment 1 (T1 = control diet supplemented with xylanase [Econase® XT]) and Treatment 2 (T1 + live yeast diet, [Vistacell®]). Each treatment had 10 replicates, with 6 animals each. Two feeding phases with diets based on sorghum and soybean meal, and water were available ad libitum throughout the experimental period. Average daily weight gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) were measured from 0 to 42 days (23 to 65 days of age) and feed conversion was calculated (FCR). At the end of the study, one animal per bay was slaughtered for collection of intestinal contents and bacterial identification by 16S rRNA sequencing of the ileal and cecal digesta of one piglet per replicate. The piglets that received yeast-associated xylanase diet showed a tendency to increase in ADG compared to those that belonged to the control group (p < 0.05). The feed conversion improved in T2 treatments when it was compared with the control group (p < 0.05). T1 and T2 tended to increase the relative presence of the Lactobacillaceae family in the ileum and cecum (p < 0.05). The counts of the families Clostridiaceae and Enterobacteriaceae were significantly reduced in the ileum (p < 0.05) in treatments 1 and 2. There was no difference in the occurrence of diarrhea between treatments. The supplementation of live yeasts combined with xylanase in piglets improved performance and led to a better intestinal microbial balance.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Fitorremediação de solos salinizados
(Universidade Estadual do Norte do Paraná, 2016-11-30) Silva, Raquel Zanholo da; Conte, Ana Maria; Manetti, Fabio Augusto; Conte, Ana Maria; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1406959857364094; Conte, Ana Maria; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1406959857364094; Manetti, Fabio Augusto; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2126891963179008; Sachs, Luís Guilherme; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9026-483X; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8396109344405837; Lima, Claudinei Paulo de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8352085023073169; Silva, Francisco Carlos Mainardes da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9683269855531828
Soil remediation consists of reducing contaminant concentrations to levels safe for human health and environmental protection, using physical, chemical, or biological methods; phytoremediation employs plants for this purpose. To evaluate soil chemical quality following phytoremediation, two experiments were conducted under protected cultivation at the Professor Eduardo Meneghel Rando Experimental Farm, Luiz Meneghel Campus, State University of Northern Paraná, in Bandeirantes, PR. The experimental design was a randomized complete block in a split‑plot factorial arrangement, with main plots assigned to evaluation times (0, 30, 45, and 60 days after crop emergence) and subplots to treatments. The first experiment was carried out in 12.6 L pots filled with soil collected at two depths (0–20 cm and 20–40 cm) at the USIBAN — Bandeirantes Sugar and Alcohol Plant, in Bandeirantes, PR, and characterised initially for routine soil chemical properties. The experiment comprised six treatments with three replications: T1 — Crotalaria spectabilis; T2 — Mucuna deeringiana; T3 — Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke; T4 — Zea mays L.; T5 — Canavalia ensiformis; and T6 — Phaseolus vulgaris L. Soil was sampled destructively from the 0–20 cm and 20–40 cm layers for routine chemical analysis at the start of the experiment and at 30, 45, and 60 days after emergence (DAE). The second experiment used 5 L pots filled with soil collected from a greenhouse crop in Bandeirantes, PR, at 0–20 cm depth, and characterised initially for electrical conductivity and routine chemical properties. The experiment comprised five treatments with four replications: T1 — Raphanus sativus; T2 — Pisum sativum L. ssp. arvense; T3 — Lupinus albus; T4 — Avena sativa; and T5 — uncropped (irrigated control). Soil from the 0–20 cm layer was analysed destructively for electrical conductivity and chemical properties at the start and at 30, 45, and 60 DAE. Data were analysed using SASM‑Agri and ESTAT software according to the split‑plot model; means were compared by Tukey’s test. It was concluded that Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke was the most effective treatment for potassium remediation up to 45 DAE in soils salinised by vinasse application. Field pea (Pisum sativum L. ssp. arvense) caused the greatest reduction in phosphorus in the protected‑cultivation soil, with 30 DAE being sufficient to achieve this effect. These findings can help mitigate the negative impacts of soil salinisation in agricultural systems.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Hidróxidos e carbonatos na dinâmica do pH do solo: efeitos na microbiota e no desenvolvimento da cultura da soja
(Universidade Estadual do Norte do Paraná, 2026) Silva, Matheus Hashimoto da; Silva, Marcos Augusto Alves da; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5570-8677; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4973981237909142; Nicolosi, Mateus Marrafon; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5740779198324583; Matsumoto, Leopoldo Sussumu; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5102-545X; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0857955043436449; Dário, Gustavo; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4648-6881; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5682942731827088; Alves, Karina Aline; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8916-0224; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6915234182529881
In agriculture, soil amendments play a crucial role in supplying nutrients, correcting pH, and promoting a range of vital benefits for healthy plant development. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of pH correction at different soil depths in soybean cultivation, considering the application of amendments composed of calcium and magnesium hydroxides and carbonates, in order to determine the most suitable parameters for the use of these elements. The treatments were organized in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications, using plots of 2.7 m wide by 5 m long, totaling an area of 13.5 m² per plot. The trial included a total of 14 treatments, organized as follows: control (T1); applications of hydroxides and carbonates, in granular and powder form, at doses corresponding to 50, 100, and 150% of the recommended dose, all associated with the biological mixture (T2 to T13); and a treatment composed only of the biological mixture (T14). The biological mixture was composed of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus aryabhattai, Trichoderma sp., Bradyrhizobium japonicum, and Azospirillum brasiliense, which were mixed and applied to the soil 31 days after crop emergence. The following variables were considered for evaluation: pH correction in the 0-10, 0-20, and 20-40 cm soil depth layers; changes in calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus levels; root system dry mass (RSM); shoot dry mass (SDM); number of pods per plant (NPP); thousand-grain weight (TGW); final crop yield (bags ha⁻¹); and monitoring of soil microbiological activities. The application of hydroxides resulted in a greater increase in soil pH in both evaluated depth layers compared to the application of carbonates. Forty-five days after the application of the amendments, it was observed that, in the 0–10 cm layer and at the highest dose used (1,428 kg ha⁻¹), the hydroxides raised the soil pH from 4.7 to 5.4, while carbonate, at the same dose, increased it to 4.9. The correction of the soil pH promoted a more favorable environment for the microbiota, increasing biological activity and nutrient availability. The improvement of the chemical and biological components of the soil resulted in greater root development and an increase in the number of pods per plant, culminating in increased soybean crop productivity.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Identificação molecular, caracterização bioquímica e prospecção de metabólitos secundários produzidos por Photorhabdus sp.
(Universidade Estadual do Norte do Paraná, 2021) Brito, Cássia de Fátima Pereira de; Alves, Viviane Sandra; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2381-8115; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3794580975938452; Alves, Viviane Sandra; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2381-8115; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3794580975938452; Lescano, Luis Eduardo Azevedo Marques; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0874-9211; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0477576296995064; Ferreira, Dhiego Gomes; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4375-6556; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7326714947358202
This study aimed to identify the symbiont bacteria of four isolates of entomopathogenic nematodes (NEPs) of the genus Heterorhabditis sp. (isolates UENP-n 04, 05, 06 and UEL 08), native to Northern Paraná, and to perform the molecular, biochemical and biological characterization of these bacteria, besides prospecting the production capacity of secondary metabolites with antimicrobial, fungicidal and insecticidal effects. The bacteria were isolated from the hemolymph of larvae of Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and molecular identification was done by amplification of part of the 16S rRNA gene. It was also characterized by biochemical tests for motility, Gram staining, lipase, protease, lecithinase and bioluminescence activity and evaluated the production of antimicrobial compounds against the bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The pathogenicity on insects was evaluated on caterpillars of G. mellonella, Anticarsia gemmatalis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and the fungicidal effect on the fungi Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana. Furthermore, the production of secondary metabolites from extracts was prospected and evaluated for their insecticidal effect on G. mellonella (oral application and via hemolymph), antimicrobial effect on S. aureus, E. coli, and B. thuringiensis bacteria, and fungicidal effect on M. anisopliae and B. bassiana fungi. Three bacterial strains obtained were identified as belonging to the species Photorhabdus luminescens (P05, P06 and L08) and the other as Photorhabdus asymbiotica (P04). As for the biochemical tests, all strains were positive for motility, lipase and protease activity, and bromothymol blue uptake, but negative for lecithinase activity. When inoculated into the hemolymph of G. mellonella, S. frugiperda and A. gemmatalis larvae as suspension, the strains were highly virulent, causing mortality above 85% in all three caterpillar species. When evaluated at different concentrations, P04 proved to be more aggressive, killing over 95% of the infected caterpillars in all concentrations evaluated after 18 hours of inoculation. Regarding the antimicrobial effect, it was observed that the four bacterial strains showed positive activity inhibiting the growth of B. thuringiensis and S. aureus, but only P04 showed antimicrobial effect against E. coli. The effect of the aqueous extracts obtained from the bacterial cultures P04 showed positive results for fungicidal action on B. bassiana and M. anisopliae and the extract from the L08 strain showed antimicrobial effect on S. aureus bacteria, but showed no insecticidal effect on G. mellonella when inoculated in the hemolymph or when ingested.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Influência de extratos foliares de Myrtaceae sobre Sitophilus zeamais motschulsky, 1855 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
(Universidade Estadual do Norte do Paraná, 2019-04-09) Maeda, Henrique Hiroshi; Rando, Jael Simões Santos; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5191-2996; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2794627489819518; Rando, Jael Simões Santos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2794627489819518; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2794627489819518; Mihsfeldt, Laila Herta; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6619-8652; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5443619889613070; Silva, Gabriela Vieira; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6432-0391; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6593862082231188
One of the main challenges faced in the storage of corn grains in Brazil is pest management. Sitophilus zeamais is important because of its potential damage to stored grains. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of powders, hydrous alcoholic extracts and essential oils leaves of plants of the family Myrtaceae in the control of S. zeamais. The species tested were: Syzygium jambolanum (Lam.) DC., Psidium guajava L., Myrciaria cauliflora (Mart.) O. Berg, Eugenia uniflora L., Eugenia pyriformis Camb. and Eucaliptus grandis W. Hill. ex Maiden. In order to obtain the hydroalcoholic powders and extracts the collected leaves were submitted to hygiene and two types of drying, in the shade and in a greenhouse at 40 °C for 72 hours. To evaluate the effects of the treatments with the powders (leaves) of each species, impregnations were made on corn grains at concentrations of 1 and 2 g of powder for 10 g of maize. To obtain hydroalcoholic extracts, the powders (from each treatment) were diluted in distilled water + 30% alcohol at 92°, in the proportion of 6 g of powder per 100 mL. In order to obtain solutions of essential oils from eucalyptus, guava and riverwheel leaves, 10 mL of essential oil were mixed in 90 mL of acetone. The insecticidal effects of the treatments with powders, hydrous alcoholic extracts and essential oils were evaluated by the mortality tests and the effects of repellency, by the tests of free choice and without free choice on S. zeamais. The treatments with leaf powders, hydroalcohol extracts and essential oils of E. uniflora leaves were the ones with the highest mortality rates and all the treatments presented repellency effects to S. zeamais, with emphasis on E. uniflora and E. pyriformis. The results demonstrated that extracts leaf of the studied species can be used as an alternative to control S. zeamais in stored corn grains.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Potencial anti-helmíntico do Fagopyrum esculentum Moench in vitro
(Universidade Estadual do Norte do Paraná, 2016-03-28) Gonçalves, Flávio Marcel Ferreira; Peixoto, Erika Cosendey Toledo de Mello; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9608-4282; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0963818563395019; Peixoto, Erika Cosendey Toledo de Mello; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9608-4282; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0963818563395019; Silva , Regildo Márcio Gonçalves da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5285324361162578; Yoshihara, Eidi; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1798-0418; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3447906791020709; Porto, Petrônio Pinheiro; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2999-7612; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1751366795715746; Ogawa, Liza; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2150999758879571
One of the limiting factors in sheep farming is helminth infection, which results in poor weight gain. Combining parasite control strategies, including the use of phytotherapeutic agents, can reduce reliance on chemical anthelmintics. Tanniferous plants, which contain phenolic compounds, primarily condensed tannins, have been associated with anthelmintic effects. Buckwheat has a high lysine content, and its effect on helminths may be related to its protein concentration. This study presents a literature review of Fagopyrum esculentum Moench and evaluates, in vitro, the anthelmintic potential of its seed hydroalcoholic extract (EHATM) against gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep. Buckwheat can be used as green manure, serving as a cover crop and aiding nutrient recycling, as well as providing an alternative grain and forage source. During flowering, it supports populations of beneficial insect predators by supplying them with food. In livestock systems, it can be fed to cattle, sheep, pigs, goats, and poultry; its nutritional quality is comparable to pearl millet forage, but with a higher protein content. Buckwheat may also function as a nutritionally enhanced forage that supports improved rumen fermentation. To assess the anthelmintic activity of EHATM, faeces were collected from naturally infected sheep with a minimum egg count of 2,000 eggs per gram (EPG). An egg hatch assay and a larval migration inhibition assay were carried out using four EHATM concentrations (0.625; 1.25; 2.5; and 5 mg mL⁻¹), together with negative and positive controls and a DMSO control (0.75% + distilled water). EHATM was further analysed for total polyphenol, flavonoid, and condensed tannin contents and for antioxidant capacity. Under the conditions tested, EHATM showed measurable anthelmintic activity in vitro. At 1.25 mg mL⁻¹, hatching was reduced by 19.66%, and at 5 mg mL⁻¹, larval migration was reduced by 17.66%; these were the highest activities recorded. Antioxidant activity was detected at all concentrations, reaching 38.71% at 3 mg mL⁻¹ with an IC50 value of 3.83 mg mL⁻¹. At that same concentration, EHATM contained 288.89 mg tannic acid equivalents, 31 mg rutin equivalents, and 54.33 mg gallic acid equivalents per gram of extract. However, the maximum polyphenol concentration was already reached at 1 mg mL⁻¹, at which point the gallic acid equivalent was 54.33 mg. Beyond its direct anthelmintic effect, further research is warranted because dietary protein may also help control gastrointestinal parasitism indirectly by improving host immune function. In conclusion, buckwheat offers benefits in human nutrition, agriculture, and animal husbandry; EHATM also possesses anthelmintic and antioxidant properties, confirming its potential for use in parasite control in sheep.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Potencial antimicrobiano de Allium sativum em queijo frescal
(Universidade Estadual do Norte do Paraná, 2019-02-28) Milo, Izabela da Silva; Peixoto, Erika Cosendey Toledo de Mello; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9608-4282; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0963818563395019; Matsumoto, Leopoldo Sussumu; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5102-545X; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0857955043436449; Campos, Anna Carolina Leonoelli Pires de; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0222-5732; Fagan, Éder Paulo; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7115-5814; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1623219384012147; Marcusso, Paulo Fernandes; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2677-4915; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7590511974577384; Zacarias, Francielle Gibson da Silva; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1862-675X; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1740021520322135
In Brazil the consumption of fresh cheese is common, and because it is a product that undergoes manipulation, it is susceptible to contamination by pathogenic microorganisms, especially Staphylococcus aureus. When present in amounts above 106 CFU/g and under appropriate temperature conditions, this microorganism can produce enterotoxins causing food poisoning, posing a major public health problem. In addition to being a seasoning plant, garlic has been used for medicinal purposes, mainly by the presence of substances such as alinase, alina and allicin. Thus, the present work aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial potential of Allium sativum, as aqueous suspension (SAa) and in natura (Ain), on S. aureus (ATCC 25923) in fresh cheeses. The antibacterial activity was evaluated by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) using the microdilution method. Thus, the following treatments were evaluated: SAa at different concentrations (0.58%, 1.11% and 2%), besides the negative control treatments (fresh cheese) and control (fresh cheese contaminated with S. aureus). The cheeses were produced with pasteurized milk, and then contaminated with 108 CFU/mL of S. aureus standard strain (ATCC 25923). SAa was added to the cheese mass by incorporation, and for evaluation of the Ain the bulbs were peeled, weighed, cut and added to the cheese mass in the proportion of 50 grams per liter of milk. The results were evaluated by withdrawing 10 grams of each cheese, diluting in 90mL of 0.9% saline, with subsequent serial decimal dilutions up to 10-4. After surface inoculation on plates with Baird Parker Agar, enriched with egg yolk solution and potassium tellurite, incubation was carried out at 35°C for 48 hours, counting the colony forming units (CFU) per gram of cheese. The analyzes were performed on days 1 (one day after of cheese manufacturing), and 5, 10 and 15 after. The MIC corresponded to 1,25%. The results showed that the three concentrations evaluated were able to decrease the bacterial count, but at the concentration of 0.58% there was growth of S. aureus in one of the cheese productions. The concentration of 1.11% showed the best result, decreasing the bacterial count by 8,48% and to Ain the average decrease was 6,23%. Therefore, garlic has antimicrobial properties against S. aureus in fresh cheese and can be used not only as a flavor differential of the product, but as a natural additive.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Potencial de gramíneas (poaceae) como fitorremediadoras em solo contaminado com herbicida
(Universidade Estadual do Norte do Paraná, 2019-07-31) Vassão, Catharina Bertollini; Conte, Ana Maria; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1406959857364094; Conte, Ana Maria; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1406959857364094; Silva, Francisco Carlos Mainardes da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9683269855531828; Lima, Claudinei Paulo de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8352085023073169; Souza, Juliana Aparecida de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1781930088707636; Matsumoto, Leopoldo Sussumu; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5102-545X; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0857955043436449
The process of remediation of contaminated soils refers to the reduction of the levels of contaminants to levels that are safe and compatible with the protection of human and environmental health, and may be of a physical, chemical or biological form. Pastes of picloram can remain in the soil for a long period after its use, offering risk of contamination and phytotoxification of susceptible species. In view of this, phytoremediation may represent an option for the decontamination of areas that have undergone intense applications of this herbicide. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of Zea mays, Oryza sativa, Sorghum bicolor, Pennisetum americanum, Avena sativa, with regard to the herbicide picloram, using soybean (Glycine max) as bioindicator plant. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse at the Professor Eduardo Meneghel Rando School Farm, and the treatments were composed of a combination of the five species mentioned above, plus three doses of Picloram (control 0 L ha⁻¹, 3 L ha⁻¹ and 6 L ha⁻¹) and two soil textures, one medium and one very clayey. Plant height, leaf number, stem diameter, Picloram phytotoxicity and fresh and dry shoot and root biomass were evaluated. The results allowed to conclude that the grasses had a better development in the absence of the herbicide and that these were not enough so that the soybean did not suffer from phytotoxicity, affirming the need for further studies to affirm the remedial potential of these plants.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Potencial poluidor de cemitério
(Universidade Estadual do Norte do Paraná, 2016-03-29) Silva, Diego Contiero da; Reis, Teresinha Esteves da Silveira; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6379-4790; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5705088234641018; Reis, Teresinha Esteves da Silveira; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6379-4790; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5705088234641018; Reis, Luiz Carlos; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2193-8535; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4310404758664835; Gimenez, Sonia Maria Nobre; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3316258548510799; Tashima, Hatiro; https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8757-4600; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0514640010249563; Branco Jr., Armando Castello; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2848-1649; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4312211430458846
Cemeteries are potential sources of enviromental impacts, principally for the risk of contamination of groundwater and surface water by microorganisms proliferate during decomposition process of bodies and chemical substances released. Contamined water may be used by neighborhood population. Major contaminant from cemiteries is leachate. With the objective to evaluate pollution potential of municipal cemetery of Bandeirantes/PR in groundwater and soil, samples wells were drilled in cemetery area and in an external area 30 meters away. Soil samples were collected during the samples wells drilling in three differents depths and water for analysis. Water samples were evaluated in SAAE laboratory in Bandeirantes/PR, according to the water potability standarts from ordinance 2.914/2011 of Ministery of Health and soil samples were sent to the soil laboratory to quantify heavy metal levels. Water samples had microbiological parameters above potability standards and soil samples had copper, chrome and nickel values above the references standards in differents depths.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Técnicas de aplicação de produtos fitossanitários no tomateiro em ambiente protegido
(Universidade Estadual do Norte do Paraná, 2018-02-28) Dario, Gustavo; Oliveira, Rone Batista de; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3071-4827; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2379804514613050; Oliveira, Rone Batista de; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3071-4827; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2379804514613050; Abi-Saab, Otavio Jorge Grígoli; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1757-636X; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8437035647330384; Osipe, Jethro Barros; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9692340257207288; Gandolfo, Marco Antônio; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2314-3752; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5560552732033631; Rodrigues, Euripedes Bomfim; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6531-878X; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9720688699522760
One of the main economic losses in sheep farming is gastrointestinal nematode infections. The indiscriminate use of chemicals to control these parasites has contributed to the appearance of anthelmintic resistance in several countries including Brazil. Studies carried out with the objective of controlling the parasites and reducing the impacts of resistance have related several tannins plants with anthelmintic properties, especially Musa spp. The banana tree (Musa spp.) is widely distributed mainly in countries with a tropical climate; its cultivation focused on food purposes due to its nutritional value. The present study aimed to evaluate the anthelminthic action of the hydroalcoholic extract of the floral bud of the banana tree (HEB) to 10% in eggs and larvae of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep, as well as its antioxidant activity. Samples of naturally infected sheep were used with a minimum egg count of 2,000 eggs per gram of feces (EPG), and egg hatchability tests (EHT) and larval migration inhibition test (LMIT) were performed. In addition, total polyphenols, condensed tannins, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity of the extract were determined. Five concentrations of HEB (20; 40; 80; 160 and 320 mg mL-1), negative control with distilled water (NC) and positive control with Albendazole Sulfide (PC) were tested in quadruplicate. In relation to EHT, HEB inhibited 82.57% in the concentration of 160 mg mL-1, reaching 100% in the concentration of 320 mg mL-1. In relation to LMIT, HEB inhibited 90.30% in the concentration 80 mg mL-1, 94.80% in the concentration of 160 mg mL-1, reaching 100% in the concentration of 320 mg mL-1. The HEB (10 mg mL-1) presented 0.38 mg EAG g-1 of total polyphenols, 372.70 mg EAT g-1 of tannins, 0.42 mg RE g-1 of flavonoids, and antioxidant activity of 43.03% with IC50 corresponding to 0.2765 mg mL-1. The activity of the extract could be related to the phenolic compounds present in the extracts, specifically condensed tannins. Thus, it was possible to verify the anthelmintic and antioxidant activity of the HEB, demonstrating its potential in the control of verminosis in sheep. In addition, these results are of great importance for organic, agroecological and biodynamic production systems, whose use of synthetic parasiticides is not allowed.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Test bench para coleta de deriva em condições de clima subtropical
(Universidade Estadual do Norte do Paraná, 2019-02-22) Precipito, Laís Maria Bonadio; Oliveira, Rone Batista de; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3071-4827; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2379804514613050; Oliveira, Rone Batista de; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3071-4827; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2379804514613050; Gandolfo, Marco Antônio; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2314-3752; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5560552732033631; Lima, Julião Soares de Souza; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8178-3937; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4456536143814608; Osipe, Jethro Barros; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9692340257207288; Abi-Saab, Otavio Jorge Grígoli; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1757-636X; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8437035647330384
An alternative method to ISO 22866 for measuring field drift was developed by the University of Turin (DEIAFA), referred to as the bench test. This methodology is faster and simpler to reproduce for evaluating drift under field conditions, and can be performed even under unstable wind conditions when compared to ISO 22866. The aim of this research was to quantify drift potential using the bench‑test methodology under subtropical climate conditions, using three spray nozzles, at two working pressures and two spray boom heights. The study was conducted in a completely randomised design comprising 12 treatments resulting from the combination of 3 nozzles, 2 pressures and 2 boom heights, with four replicates, totalling 48 tests. The nozzles used were XR 11002 (100 and 400 kPa), AIXR 11002 (100 and 600 kPa) and ATR 2.0 hollow cone (400 and 2000 kPa), evaluated at two boom heights: 0.50 m and 1.00 m above the test bench. During the tests, agrometeorological conditions — wind speed and direction, air temperature and relative humidity — were recorded continuously at three‑second intervals at a height of 2.0 m above ground level. The bench‑test approach proved to be a viable methodology for evaluating drift potential under field conditions in a subtropical region, demonstrating that variations in agrometeorological conditions, nozzle type and operating pressure are decisive factors influencing drift from boom sprayers. Relative air humidity and working pressure were the most influential factors determining drift potential for the ATR 2.0, XR 11002 and AIXR 11002 nozzles, whereas changing boom height from 0.50 m to 1.00 m had no significant effect on the amount of drift collected.
Acesso aberto (Open Access)
Volatilidade de herbicidas em duas condições ambientais controladas
(Universidade Estadual do Norte do Paraná, 2016-09-27) Pires, José Luis Mailkut; Oliveira, Rone Batista de; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3071-4827; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2379804514613050; Oliveira, Rone Batista de; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3071-4827; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2379804514613050; Sachs, Luís Guilherme; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9026-483X; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8396109344405837; Abi-Saab, Otávio Jorge Grigoli; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8437035647330384; Gandolfo, Marco Antônio; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2314-3752; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5560552732033631; Antuniassi, Ulisses Rocha; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9754851029548502
Volatilisation can reduce herbicide efficacy for weed control and cause environmental contamination as well as phytotoxicity in sensitive crops, because environmental conditions at the time of application strongly influence the process. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of two controlled relative humidity levels on herbicide volatilisation. The experiment used a completely randomised design with five replications. Volatilisation of the herbicides 2,4‑D, trifluralin, haloxyfop‑P‑methyl, glyphosate, and clomazone was assessed at seven intervals (1 h, 2 h, 3 h, 4 h, 5 h, 6 h, and 7 h after application), under two relative humidity regimes (47% and 70%, both ±2%) and constant temperature (25 °C ±2 °C). Volatilisation was measured according to the Brazilian Association of Technical Standards — ABNT (Standard NBR 13238:2014) and expressed as the percentage of active ingredient lost through volatilisation. Volatilisation increased over time and stabilised for all herbicides three hours after deposition. Reporting relative humidity is therefore recommended in standard herbicide volatilisation testing, because increasing humidity from 47% to 70% reduced trifluralin volatilisation. The ranking for decreasing volatilisation was: haloxyfop‑P‑methyl > glyphosate > 2,4‑D > trifluralin = clomazone.

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